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Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019Although orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative....
Although orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative. This study evaluated the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of four medicinal plants (, , , and ) used for treating skin diseases. Petroleum ether and 50% methanol extracts of the plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against six microbes: , , , , and using the micro-dilution technique. Antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid models. Cytotoxicity was determined against African green monkey Vero kidney cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Spectrophotometric and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used to evaluate the phytochemical constituents. All the extracts demonstrated varying degrees of antimicrobial potencies. , and were most susceptible at 0.10 mg/mL. In the DPPH test, EC values ranged from approximately 6-93 µg/mL and 65%-85% antioxidant activity in the β-carotene linoleic acid antioxidant activity model. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.5-64 mg GAE/g and 1.25-28 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The LC values of the cytotoxicity assay ranged from 0.015-5622 µg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed a rich pool (94-198) of bioactive compounds including dotriacontane, benzothiazole, heptacosane, bumetrizole, phthalic acid, stigmasterol, hexanoic acid and eicosanoic acid, which were common to the four plants. The current findings provide some degree of scientific evidence supporting the use of these four plants in folk medicine. However, the plants with high cytotoxicity need to be used with caution.
PubMed: 31540194
DOI: 10.3390/plants8090350 -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2010The clinical presentation of dermatophytosis depends on species of the infecting fungus. The infections caused by the anthropophilic species tend to be chronic and... (Review)
Review
The clinical presentation of dermatophytosis depends on species of the infecting fungus. The infections caused by the anthropophilic species tend to be chronic and intractable, and the resultant inflammation is minimal. On the other hand, the infections caused by the geophilic and zoophilic species tend to be self-healing, and the resultant inflammation is more severe. We investigated the role of cytokine secretion of human keratinocyte during dermatophyte infections: Arthroderma benhamiae, a zoophilic dermatophyte, and Trichophyton tonsurans, an anthropophilic dermatophyte. The results demonstrate that keratinocytes secrete a broad spectrum of cytokines including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immunomodulatory cytokines in response to A. benhamiae infection, whereas T.tonsurans infection stimulates the production of only a limited number of cytokines. Such differential cytokine secretion of the keratinocytes in response to infection by dermatophyte species may reflect the distinct inflammatory responses in the skin.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Cytokines; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Keratinocytes; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 20716850
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.51.125 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2023The patient was a 13-year-old boy who was a member of the judo club at his junior high school. Approximately 1 week prior to his presentation, he developed multiple...
The patient was a 13-year-old boy who was a member of the judo club at his junior high school. Approximately 1 week prior to his presentation, he developed multiple erythematous pilaris papules on his occipital area and was treated by a local doctor. The erythematous lesions expanded to 10 × 10 cm, showing granulation with drainage and strong spontaneous pain. At this point, he visited our hospital. He was diagnosed with kerion celsi due to Trichophyton tonsurans by fungal examination. The patient was treated with terbinafine (125 mg/day) for 6 weeks, and a brush test at 6 weeks was negative. All 18 members of the judo club, including this patient, were investigated; brush tests were positive in 4 cases, and one was positive for tinea corporis alone. The patient's family members parents were both negative. When an athlete is diagnosed with ringworm, T. tonsurans infection should be considered, and testing and treatment of family members and fellow athletes should be carried out to prevent the spread of infection.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Tinea Capitis; Terbinafine; Athletes; Drainage
PubMed: 37648501
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.22-00032 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Aug 2023Introduction. Tinea capitis is a mycosis of keratinized tissue, which affects the scalp and may cause alopecia, pruritus, and desquamation. This type of mycosis is more...
Introduction. Tinea capitis is a mycosis of keratinized tissue, which affects the scalp and may cause alopecia, pruritus, and desquamation. This type of mycosis is more frequent in school-age children, and it may represent a public health problem; the main etiological agents reported for Colombia are zoophilic dermatophytes. Objective. To characterize an outbreak of Tinea capitis in 32 children from a rural school in the department of Cauca. Materials and methods. We conducted an epidemiological field study using a structured survey to characterize sociodemographic aspects and predisposing factors for this mycosis. We collected samples of affected scalp scales and hair for mycological studies. The children and the general population received recommendations, about these mycoses’ prevention, from Cauca’s health authorities and the local hospital. The parents verbally approved the informed consent. Results. The etiological agent isolated in 63% of the collected samples was Trichophyton tonsurans, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, and the main predisposing factor was sharing razors (87.5%). Conclusions. Ideally, mycological studies define the etiological agent to propose therapeutics and recommendations in agreement with management guidelines. Implementation of multidisciplinary measures to control the outbreak and educate the population is required.
Topics: Child; Humans; Colombia; Tinea Capitis; Disease Outbreaks; Hair; Public Health
PubMed: 37721918
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6793 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2011The aims of this study were to identify antifungal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and characterize their activity against the dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans.
AIM
The aims of this study were to identify antifungal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and characterize their activity against the dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A total of 165 different LAB were isolated and initially screened for anti-Penicillium expansum activity. Five strains, which exhibited strong inhibitory activity, were then tested against the dermatophyte T. tonsurans DSM12285, where they also caused inhibition as observed by large fungal clearing on agar surface. The strongest inhibition was seen with Lactobacillus reuteri R2. When freeze-dried cell-free supernatant powder from this strain was incorporated in culture medium at concentrations >1%, growth of fungal colony was inhibited. Conidia germination was also inhibited under these conditions as determined by microscopy. The anti-T. tonsurans activity of Lact. reuteri R2 was not affected neither by heat treatment nor by proteolytic treatment using pronase E and proteinase K, indicating that the responsible agent(s) were nonproteinaceous in nature.
CONCLUSIONS
Lactobacillus reuteri R2 was identified as having strong inhibitory activity against the dermatophyte T. tonsurans DSMZ12285.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
LAB are naturally associated with many foods and are well recognized for their biopreservative properties. The use of these and/or their products may well provide alternative safe approaches for the inhibition of dermatophytic fungi.
Topics: Animals; Antibiosis; Bread; Cattle; Cheese; Culture Media; DNA, Bacterial; Edible Grain; Food Microbiology; Freeze Drying; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Mice; Peptide Hydrolases; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spores, Fungal; Swine; Trichophyton
PubMed: 21645181
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05032.x -
Medical Mycology Journal 2019We present a 17-year-old Japanese male high school student, who had applied steroid ointment for atopic dermatitis, with fingernail onychomycosis due to Trichophyton... (Review)
Review
We present a 17-year-old Japanese male high school student, who had applied steroid ointment for atopic dermatitis, with fingernail onychomycosis due to Trichophyton tonsurans. He was found positive for T. tonsurans infection based on hairbrush culture performed due to an epidemic of T. tonsurans infection in his judo club. The hairbrush culture method is very important in screening for this infection, and dermatologists should examine the entire body of athletes who are found positive using this method. For the diagnosis of T. tonsurans infection, other than the skin and hair, the nails should also be checked by dermoscopy because the fingernail may be the origin of this fungus.
Topics: Adolescent; Athletes; Dermoscopy; Humans; Japan; Male; Martial Arts; Microbiological Techniques; Nails; Onychomycosis; Tinea; Trichophyton; Youth Sports
PubMed: 30814464
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.18-00012 -
Singapore Medical Journal Oct 2018Tinea unguium is a common nail infection. We conducted a retrospective ten-year study of the patient demographics and species distribution of dermatophytes causing tinea...
INTRODUCTION
Tinea unguium is a common nail infection. We conducted a retrospective ten-year study of the patient demographics and species distribution of dermatophytes causing tinea unguium in a tertiary hospital from Singapore.
METHODS
Results of fungal nail cultures were retrieved from our hospital's microbiology department. Samples from nail scrapings and clippings were inoculated onto agar plates (Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and Mycosel agar). Nail specimens that grew dermatophytes were included in the study.
RESULTS
Overall, 229 (male: n = 164, 71.6%; female: n = 65, 28.4%) nail specimens grew dermatophytes. Mean patient age was 58 (range 18-93) years. A majority of specimens came from patients aged over 50 years (n = 162, 70.7%) and 60-79 years (n = 100, 43.7%). Ethnically, 160 (69.9%) patients were Chinese, 36 (15.7%) Indian, 18 (7.9%) Malay and 15 (6.6%) of other ethnicities. Among dermatophytes isolated were Trichophyton rubrum (n = 93, 40.6%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 60, 26.2%), unidentified Trichophyton spp. (n = 57, 24.9%), Trichophyton tonsurans (n = 10, 4.4%), Epidermophyton floccosum (n = 5, 2.2%), Trichophyton verrucosum (n = 2, 0.9%), Trichophyton soudanense (n = 1, 0.4%) and Trichophyton violaceum (n = 1, 0.4%).
CONCLUSION
A majority of isolates were from elderly patients. Compared to Singapore's general population, patients of Indian and other ethnicities were over-represented for tinea unguium when compared to Chinese and Malay patients. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common dermatophyte isolated, while Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense were rare causes of tinea unguium.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthrodermataceae; Epidermophyton; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nails; Onychomycosis; Retrospective Studies; Singapore; Tertiary Care Centers; Trichophyton; Young Adult
PubMed: 29552686
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2018037 -
Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria Aug 2022Tinea capitis (TC) is a superficial mycosis of the scalp, considered one of the most common dermatophyte infections in children. Until now, the species mainly described...
Tinea capitis (TC) is a superficial mycosis of the scalp, considered one of the most common dermatophyte infections in children. Until now, the species mainly described in our environment are Microsporum and secondly Trichophyton, which are contracted mainly by direct contact with infected animals or humans, respectively. We present the case of an 8-year-old patient with alopecia and inflammatory lesions of 2 years of evolution, finally reaching the diagnosis of inflammatory tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans, an anthropophilic fungus considered rare in Argentina and emerging in the province of Buenos Aires. This pathogen has high transmissibility; several countries have reported school and community outbreaks. The importance of its early clinical suspicion for adequate treatment should be emphasized.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Child; Humans; Microsporum; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 35900962
DOI: 10.5546/aap.2022.e192 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2020
PubMed: 32497801
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.116 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022This study aims at the biological profiling of , , , , , , , and as alternatives against onychomycosis to combat the treatment challenges. An extract library of...
This study aims at the biological profiling of , , , , , , , and as alternatives against onychomycosis to combat the treatment challenges. An extract library of aqueous (DW), ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol (M) extracts was subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant colorimetric assays to gauge the ameliorating role of extracts against oxidative stress. RP-HPLC quantified therapeutically significant polyphenols. Antifungal potential (disc diffusion and broth dilution) against filamentous (dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes) and non-filamentous fungi (; ), synergistic interactions (checkerboard method) with terbinafine and amphotericin-B against resistant clinical isolates of dermatophytes ( and ) and non-dermatophytes ( spp., , and ) time-kill kinetics, and protein estimation (Bradford method) were performed to evaluate the potential of extracts against onychomycosis. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content along with noteworthy antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and a substantial radical scavenging activity was recorded for the extracts of . Significant polyphenolics quantified by RP-HPLC included rutin (35.71 ± 0.23 µg/mgE), gallic acid (50.17 ± 0.22 µg/mgE), catechin (93.04 ± 0.43 µg/mgE), syringic acid (55.63 ± 0.35 µg/mgE), emodin (246.32 ± 0.44 µg/mgE), luteolin (78.43 ± 0.18 µg/mgE), myricetin (29.44 ± 0.13 µg/mgE), and quercetin (97.45 ± 0.22 µg/mgE). Extracts presented prominent antifungal activity against dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes (MIC-31.25 μg/ml). The checkerboard method showed synergism with 4- and 8-fold reductions in the MICs of , , , , and extracts and doses of amphotericin-B (Amp-B) and terbinafine (against non-dermatophytes and dermatophytes, respectively). Furthermore, the synergistic therapy showed a time-dependent decrease in fungal growth even after 9 and 12 h of treatment. The inhibition of fungal proteins was also observed to be higher with the treatment of synergistic combinations than with the extracts alone, along with the cell membrane damage caused by terbinafine and amp-B, thus making the resistant fungi incapable of subsisting. The extracts of , , , , and have proven to be promising alternatives to combat oxidative stress, resistance, and other treatment challenges of onychomycosis.
PubMed: 36506532
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067697